Its 5 double strings are tuned by the use of taftophonia, a-g-d-a or g-d-a-e-d. At the beginning, the outi was played with the fingers, later with a pick (pena) or a goose feather. In the 9th century it had 5 double strings, and later on-to this day-it still has 5 double strings. It was originally made from a single piece of wood, without a neck. OUTI: The outi (in Arabic, Ud, Al Ud, or Oud) means a wooden instrument, and it belongs to the family of lutes. The tabour produces a very deep sound due to the length of the strings, as well as a very sweet sound. The strings are usually made of animal gut or plastic wire. The tuning knots that hold the strings are wooden. Its neck (tastiera) is not divided into semitones, but it has berdedes that separate the scale into commas. There are two types of tabour in the first, the performer uses a pick (vena) to play while in the other, he uses a bow. It has three double strings, exactly like the bouzouki, and there are many ways to tune it. TABOUR: The tabour is made from the wood of the walnut tree (kelembeki), and measures 1.30m in length. There is also an 8-stringed lute (doubles d-a-f-c) and later on, more double strings were added at the lower g and the g at the higher side, that is g-d-a-fc-g. Its name (laouto) comes from the two double strings that it had years ago, LA and OUT, that is c. Certain historians claim that the lute was introduced to Europe from the Spanish, who took it from the Arabs. There are different names for this instrument in various parts of Greece: Lavouto, Lagouto.
It is mainly an instrument of accompaniment, so it provides the tune of the song. The tasta are carved on the neck of the lute to produce the tones and the semitones. The lute has 4 strings, a-g-d-c, which are tuned one octave higher than the other. The top of the lute (kapaki) is made of Swedish white wood, without any knots, and the body of kelembeki leaves, of white color for the white lutes and of black color for the darker colored ones. The width of the top is approximately 34.5cm, and the width of the sleeve (maniki) in the upper side is 4.5cm and 5.5cm in the lower side. In particular, the length of the body is approximately 48cm the length of the neck is 34.5cm, and the tuning head (karavolo) is 15-17cm. It measures approximately 96.5cm in length, and the body is 37crn in width. LUTE: This is a stringed instrument with a small body and a long neck. The most famous violin manufacturing center is the city of Mitenvald, in a valley of the Alps near the border of Austria. The best violins manufactured in the world were the Stradivarius, Bertoletti, Amati, Stainer, Matias, Clauds. It has been claimed by many that the violin came originally from the Arabian single stringed instrument, Rebeck.
The players of the violin were also called fiddlers (violitzides), avgiolitzides, vgihtzides. For instance, in old times, people would say, "Let's go to the violins", meaning "Let's go for some music and dance." Other names of the violin in various parts of Greece are Thioli, Diouli (Epirus & Aegina), Vgeloum (Chios), Vieli (Megisti), Ivgili (Siatista), Vgiali. The violin became very popular in Greece its name was a general term for music. Three strings were introduced in the 10th century and four strings, the violins present form, were introduced in the 15th century. It was introduced to the Europeans by the Arabs. The first violin appeared in the 7th century and it had one string and a bow. VIOLIN: The violin has been a principal instrument for over 400 years. While the performer on the Cretan lyratouches the strings with his nail, the Pontos player taps on the strings, producing a completely different sound since he taps continuously on the middle string to create 4th and 5th intervals with the other two strings. LYRA OF PONTOS (BLACK SEA) or KEMETZES: Usually made of wild plum-tree wood, this lyra has three steel strings the first called jil the second, messea (middle) and the third, hamba. There are also many kinds of lyras in Thrace-Macedonia that are made in different sizes as well as in the shape of a pear (Achladolyre). In Asia Minor and many islands there are lyras with four strings, that can be tuned exactly like the violin e-a-d-g. There are many kinds of lyras in Crete, and they come with different bows. The player does not tap on the strings but touches them with his nail from the side. It has threesingle strings and it can be tuned up a-e-a or a-d-a.
The top of the lyra is made of cedar wood. CRETAN LYRA: This instrument is usually made of mulberry wood and carved to become the sound-box of the instrument.
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